The Importance of the Great Exhibition of 1851 Example For Students

The Importance of the Great Exhibition of 1851 Supply some inside informations of the Great Exhibition of 1851, and say why it was so of import. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was the world’s first universe expounding. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was an international exhibition that took topographic point in Hyde Park, London. The 1851 was means the old ages and The Great Exhibition of 1851 was from 1 May to 11 October 1851. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was chiefly focal point on the universe s cultural and industrial engineering. In The Great Exhibition 1851, Britain wanted to state all of the populace, the success of the accomplishment after The Industrial Revolution, and that were to go a prevailing 19th-century characteristic. The Great Exhibition was tremendously influential on the development of many facets of society including art and design instruction, international trade and dealingss, and even touristry. We will write a custom essay on The Importance of the Great Exhibition of 1851 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Great Exhibition 1851 was organized by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, hubby of the reigning sovereign, Queen Victoria. The purpose of this activities was to observe the new tendency of modern industrial engineering and design. Possibly due to the Prince and the Queen s Plutos really enthusiastic to advance this carnival can be profitable, eventually persuaded the British authorities on January 3, 1850 Royal Commission was set up to form the Expo 1851, Consequently greatly heighten the feasibleness of the program, and this commission Britain was included most esteemed applied scientists Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The Crystal Palace was really of import for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Joseph Paxton s design is inspired by the Amazon H2O lily Victoria, found the H2O lily can back up immense foliages, when Joseph Paxton look intoing underneath, there are radiation-like extended blade support ribs difficult to obtain a design inspired, and application in architecture. Joseph Paxton s program for the garden, fountains, patios, little waterfalls and other accomplishments was really good, in this Crystal Palace have many elm was planted, acreage about nine estates. The Crystal Palace besides has a batch of little fountains and waterfalls, the highest up to 250 pess height, initial H2O tower building as supporting jobs and prostration, after deliberations, the two powerful towers, is divided into three reservoirs, viz. the North and the south terminal of the topographic point, every bit good as the cardinal portion of the garden, to distribute the weight. The chief thought is to happen the power construction, lastingness, simpleness and velocity. First, The Crystal Palace was a celebrated edifice in the Great Exhibition of 1851, The Crystal Palace was made by Fe and glass. The edifice used the country of nine hundred 1000s square pess, the equivalent of 84 thousand square metres of glass or eight half-standard football field. Included the Fe prop have three thousand three hundred, Iron beams two thousand three hundred and covers 74 thousand square metres, breadth and length are about 408 pess, 1851 pess tantamount to 125 metres, 564 metres, has around 3-story edifice. This is a really extended edifice in 19th-century. Second, This design and edifice were really stylish and originality on 19th-century. Since It is an of import symbol of the Industrial Revolution, it was originally marquee for the first clip in 1851 World Expo held in London, the official name of this World’s Fair Exposition of Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations. In five months, from May to October 1851, six million visitants throng the mammoth trade show, wondering over the latest engineering every bit good as shows of artefacts from around the universe. Until to 1936, the Great Exhibition had antecedently attracted legion assorted societal categories of tourers come to see. .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 , .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 .postImageUrl , .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 , .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50:hover , .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50:visited , .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50:active { border:0!important; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50:active , .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50 .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6273c1c78bf7352d6f6562be2301f50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drinking And Driving Offences EssayThird, World Expo visit twelvemonth merely six months, the edifice was supposed to be disposed. But but the concluding determination was made to overthrow by parliament, Within two old ages, meet once more by Queen Victoria opening ceremonial this was long-run exhibition, for London, particularly the add-on of the two railroad Stationss. this is one of the still running Crystal Palace railroad station now, another station is the gateway to the parade country, today all of the riders can still see its Italian manner mosaic roof. Finally, Among the exhibits, about every Victorian’s coevals left are surprising for the visitants, there are included clayware, porcelain field, Fe mills, steam cock, hydraulic, aroma, pianos, houses, plunging cogwheel, guns, barometers, Textiles and pyrotechnics etc. On the other manus, The Crystal Palace was have a batch other jobs to impact modern-day design and develop the edifice. First, in the points of the stuffs, the traditional Earth, wood, brick, rock was replaced by Fe and glass. Although is non of the first to used Fe as a edifice stuff, nevertheless, used the Fe prefabricated frame was unprecedented. Its effects unfastened to intuition since it is a unprecedented instance, they can non hold a successful instance to back up they when they are develop the edifice. Second, in footings of building, traditional brick and rock stack engineering is rivet, sleeve and screw adjustments, fasteners replaced as the house as a machine to put in. It is an insecure pattern as the Crystal Palace has around 3-story edifice and chiefly points of the stuffs were a Fe and glass, the Crystal Palace have a batch of visitants to see, so the construction of the edifice must be really safety. Finally, In November 1936 the Crystal Palace was tragically destroyed in a dramatic fire. the Crystal Palace was made by Fe and glass which are constructing stuffs. When the visible radiation from the Sun is direct exposure on the Crystal Palace, it will originate a fire and the Fe is non to have a high temperature, it is easy to go distorted. The consequence is the fire will distribute so fast. However, Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne, Australia Expo once more inherited the London Crystal Palace manner. The difference is chiefly due to Crystal Palace is non a lasting edifice, the chief stuffs were Fe and glass, all set up was for the convenience and short-run used, was non a long-run used and was non a 1 of the Exhibition Building. World Expo and a figure of metropoliss in Europe after several decennaries of old ages, many of the marquee type edifices are modeled on glass frame construction by Crystal Palace. Royal Exhibition Building is a lasting edifice with solid walls and roof. Until today, the Royal Exhibition Building is still standing in the Riccarton Park Melbourne. A hundred old ages ago, doing it progressively intriguing Victorian’s elegance. In all of the edifices in Melbourne, its influence comparable to stabilizer. In June 2004, Royal Exhibition Building was included in the World Heritage List of the United Nations, Australia has become the lone ranked as the universe s cultural heritage edifices. The Crystal Palace in London had merely provided a locale for the Expo exhibits show, but has become the first World Expo of the most successful plants and exhibits, it non merely witnessed to the infinite glorification of the Victorian epoch has besides become a symbol of the universe expounding. Today, the modern metropolis edifice is really fast, nevertheless, if we can careful to inquiry, we can detect many of today s edifice stuffs and methods are within from the impact of the Crystal Palace, Although The Crystal Palace was a historical edifices, yet in a different signifier altering Joseph Paxton s originative thoughts. In this sense, the Crystal Palace is still alive in our side, and will hanker continue. .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d , .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d .postImageUrl , .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d , .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d:hover , .ud3f55bd 67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d:visited , .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d:active { border:0!important; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d:active , .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weig ht: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3f55bd67f589ce9e7d299f8f863832d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb Essay

Evaluation of Cardiovascular and related Health Interventions in the Uk The WritePass Journal

Evaluation of Cardiovascular and related Health Interventions in the Uk Abstract Evaluation of Cardiovascular and related Health Interventions in the Uk , noo.org.uk/core/eval_websites NHS (2011) ‘Research to improve the health of the public and reduce inequalities in health’, Viewed, Jan 16th 2011, phr.ac.uk/ Steven Allender,  Charlie Foster,  Peter Scarborough,  Mike Rayner (2007), The Burden of Physical Activity related ill Health in the UK, J Epidemiol Community Health  ;61:344-348 Wrenn, B, Stevens, R E and Loudon, L (2006) Marketing research: text and cases (2nd Edition), Routledge, UK

Men of Honor Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Men of Honor - Movie Review Example Determined to become the Navy's first master diver, Brashear confronts Billy Sunday, a racist Navy diving instructor in the segregated south of the early 1950s. From the beginning of the film we see Brashear struggle with the elements and his race as he plows a field in the hot sun with his father. As a means to escape, Brashear joins the Navy with the hope of bettering his station in life. He confronts the chores of Navy kitchen duty while working to become a black Navy diver. Eventually given the opportunity to become a diver, he is confronted by the Navy instructors bent on proving him incapable. The ongoing torment from Billy Sunday and the Commander, played by Hal Holbrooke, can't hold Brashear down. He conquers every obstacle placed in front of him. After he becomes a diver, his career seems to be cut short when his leg is amputated after an accident on a Navy ship. Brashear again struggles to regain his strength and the fortitude to carry the weight of a Navy Scuba outfit. This time, Billy Sunday is his biggest supporter as we see Brashear overcome the final obstacle of a physical handicap. Though the film is based in racism, its inspiration comes from the need to overcome any hardship. Much of Brashear's torment came from a racist feeling in Sunday and his classmates, yet we see the struggle in terms of a fight against the elements and ourselves. There is a memorable scene where Sunday makes Brashear's diving test almost impossible to pass.

Mobile Phone Battery Wirless Charger Lab Report

Mobile Phone Battery Wirless Charger - Lab Report Example The wireless power enables the electrical energy to be transmitted from the source of power to an electrical load. The system operates without connecting wires. The system is important because it is used in places where interconnecting wires are impossible, inconvenient, or hazardous. A mobile Phone Battery wireless charger is a system that charges mobile phone battery using a wireless charger. The idea behind wireless charging is to plop the device on the shelf and have it charged. The technology replaces cable wiring and standardize on a single interface. Additionally, the interface will be able to adjust the power setting to charge various types of batteries. The mobile phone battery wireless charged has two circuits; receiver circuit and transmitter circuit. The transmitter circuit has a step down transformer of 230V to 12V (â€Å"Wireless technology prospects and policy options†, 2011). The transformer steps down 230 Voltage from 12 Volts. Consequently, the 12V AC is then converted into 12 Voltage DC by a bridge rectifier. A 2200/25V capacitor then filters ripples and pure Direct Current is supplied. The oscillator circuit with the assistance of transmitting coil, will oscillate at 10MHz, thereby transmitting the wireless power. The receiver circuit will then receive the power with the help of a receiving coil and flow through the circuit of a voltage multiplier (â€Å"USB Cellphone Charger circuit†, 2008). . The voltage multiplier circuit consists of the capacitor voltage multiplier and diode. ... Consequently, I would to thank our department chairs, Professor Carl Fred, and Professor Brian White, whose support demonstrated concern for international wireless technology supported by commitment in modern technology and comparative literature. Additionally, a thank you to my professor Milton Smith, who introduced me to wireless technology, and whose hard work and passion for the wireless technology has a lasting effect. I want also to thank my University for the consent and approval including the copyrighted pictures as part of my research paper. I sincerely thank the press publishers for offering me with pertinent sources for this paper which was initially published by â€Å"mobile wireless charger† journal. I also want to pass my gratitude to my friends, family, and classmates for the financial assistance granted to facilitate my research work. I have taken effort for this research paper. However, it would be impossible with the sincere support and assistance of various individuals and organizations. I would extend my sincere appreciation to the above named persons and the university. Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2 2. Acknowledgement 3 3. Introduction 5 4. Background 6 5. Proposed Methods 9 6. Results 11 7. Conclusion 12 8. References 15 Introduction The paper is a lab report detailing a mobile phone battery wireless charger. The paper explains each element in the diagrams and how they operate in the circuit. Consequently, the paper analyses the diagram geometric analysis of how they operate and the possibilities of problems and errors. The wireless power enables the electrical energy to be transmitted from the source of power to an electrical load. The system operates without connecting wires. The system is important because it is used in places where

Environmental Health Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Health Assessment - Essay Example E.J). Mold formation can be seen in various places - indoor and outdoor. The commonly found species of molds are Aspergillus, Stachybotrys, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Pencillium, Memnoniella, Alternaria, Mucor and Mycotoxins (Mold Types - Common Species of Mold. 2008, Mold Removal Unit. 2003). Of these, Stachybotrys and Memnoniella are very toxic and the others are common house molds. They require moist cellulose areas like wet wood, paper and cotton to grow (Mold Removal Unit. 2003.) .Mold is usually spotted on moist open areas like wet walls, open water in/outlets, leaking walls, decaying plants, wet soil, wet carpet etc (Mold Types - Common Species of Mold. 2008, Mold Removal Unit. 2003 ). Though there are many methods prevailing that can detect some types of mold, they are not 100% efficient due to the following factors: Mold detection does not imply that it should be removed. Though health advisors / conscious people would prefer that molds be removed effectively once it is detected, there’s no legal obligation for the same except in few countries (Testing for Mold. 2008.) Owing to the possible environment health hazards of molds and growing public concerns & litigations over molds, the Toxic Mold Protection Act of 2001 (Mold Bill) and United States Toxic Mold Safety and Protection Act of 2003 (The Melina Bill) were formed in the United States. The Mold Bill, though not a law, has asked the Department of Health Services (DHS) of California to organize a special team consisting of medical and health experts, mold removal experts, government representatives, representatives from Californian companies and workers, and affected consumers and industries. The team will analyse the possible health hazards due to various types and intensity of molds and set criteria for estimation, detection and remediation of mold. The team was to be effective from 2002. Due

Economic Changes to the Welfare State

Economic Changes to the Welfare State Write a 2000 words essay describing the economic aftermath of the Welfare state in the last century I. Introduction A welfare state is broadly defined as a state in which the government/the public sector undertakes key roles in the production and distribution of economic activities with the objective of protecting and promoting the economic and social well-being of its citizens. A welfare state is essentially a mixed economy type of economic system where the government undertakes a greater proportion of economic activities. This essay describes the economic aftermath of the welfare state in the last century. The essay is organised as follows. Section II focuses on the theoretical foundations of the welfare state, while Section III concentrates on the economic aftermath of the welfare state. Section IV finally concludes the essay. II. Theoretical Foundations of the Welfare State The theoretical foundations described in this essay are from; (a) classical economics, (b) Keynesian economics, (c) Suzumura (1999), (d) Barr (1992), and (e) Heath (2011) Classical economics The classical economists including Adam Smith favoured a minimal role for the public sector. Their preference was for a limited role for the government in the provision of essential public works, the maintenance of law and order, and the defence of the country. They believe that the government’s role is to provide these core activities to provide an enabling environment for the market/private sector to undertake economic activities for economic growth. Keynesian economics Keynesian economics was used to justify an expansion in the economic role of the public sector. Keynesian economics created pressures on the government to stabilise the economy by helping to sustain the disposable income of individuals during cyclical fluctuations. Suzumura (1999) argues that welfare economics plays critical roles in enhancing human well-being and in the design and implementation of welfare state policies. Welfare economics is a normative concept and in general takes account of both efficiency and equity. On equity grounds, society may prefer an inefficient resource allocation for reasons for equity justice and this provides a justification for government intervention in the economy. Suzumura argues that the enlarged concept of welfare economics to incorporate equity justice has also extended the concept of well-being to incorporate/capture the basic considerations as liberty, opportunity and procedural justice and that this widening of the concept of well-being should reflect itself properly in the concept and agenda of the welfare state. Based on this conceptual framework, Suzumura then employs Amartya Sen’s concepts of functions and capabilities as vehicles to examine an individual’s advantages in the welfare s tate. To Suzumura the welfare state consists of one main system of competitive mechanism and three subsystems of (i) the competitive policy subsystem, (ii) the co-ordination policy subsystem, and (iii) the social security subsystem. Suzumura concludes that the task of the welfare economics in the welfare state is to deliberately design the main system and the three subsystems of the welfare state so that the whole system becomes incentive compatible to make it work effectively to maximise the well-being of the individuals in the society in terms of liberty, opportunity and procedural justice. Barr (1992) provides another theoretical foundation of the welfare state. Barr’s thesis and his contribution is on information problems for an efficiency case for various types of state intervention. He identifies two broad types of imperfect information problems leading to market failure in dealing with risks as adverse selection and moral hazard. The insurance industry was the focus of Barr’s analysis. Adverse selection results from asymmetric information between buyers and sellers of insurance, with buyers having more information than sellers and thus making it difficult to establish the ideal price for each individual. These characteristics of adverse selection cause the problems of (i) unstable pooling equilibrium because low risks drop out or because of competitive behaviour by insurers, and (ii) inefficient separating equilibrium, if it exists. Thus, in the face of adverse selection, the market is inefficient, or fails entirely and the state intervenes by making membership compulsory with social insurance as a typical example. Heath (2011) identifies the three normative models as redistributive, communitarian and public economics. The redistributive model describes the redistribution of resources to ensure that the outcomes produced by the market economy are less unequal.. The underlying assumption under the redistributive model is that the market is to maximise efficiency while the state promotes equity through redistribution by allocating initial endowments and adjusting final outcomes. The communitarian model considers the imposition of moral limits on the scope of the market so as to resist the commodification of certain domain of interaction. It is argued under this model that basic human needs should be satisfied through communal provision in which everyone is guaranteed a share rather than through commodification. The public economics model regards the state as correcting market failure, either through regulation, subsidisation and taxation, or the direct provision of goods and services. This model is referred to as the economic model because of the emphasis put on Pareto efficiency and the narrow conception of public goods based on Samuelson’s definition. Under the public economics model, market failure allows for the intervention of the state in economic activities. III. Economic Aftermath of the Welfare State The economic measure of welfare state activities is given by the proportion of public expenditure/spending to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), that is, as a share of GDP. Gwartney, Holcombe and Lawson (1998) argue that even after providing for a generous definition of the concept of core functions to include (i) the protection of persons and property, (ii) expenditures on national security, (iii) expenditure on education, (iv) expenditure on physical infrastructure, and (v) the operational costs of the central bank to maintain a stable monetary regime; the share of the expenditures on core functions for most developed countries did not exceed 15% of GDP up to 1996. Meanwhile as at 1996, the share of government expenditure as a percentage of GDP was above 45% in most developed countries. The authors argue that this higher percentage above the required percentage for the core functions exerted a negative impact on the economy in terms of slower economic growth. Their findings indicate that a 10% increase in government expenditure as a share of GDP results in approximately 1% reduction in GDP growth. The authors assigned the following reasons for this ou tcome; (i) higher taxes/and or additional borrowing to finance government expenditures impose excess burden on the economy, (ii) as government grows, its productivity declines. This is characterised by the following trajectory – expenditure on core functions increases productivity but expenditure exceeding the core functions leads to diminishing returns and more and more expenditure eventually produces negative returns which leads to productivity declines, (iii) the political process accompanying increased public expenditure inhibits the entrepreneurship that drives economic growth through the discovery process. It is argued that as entrepreneurs discover new and improved technologies, better methods of production and opportunities that were previously overlooked, they are able to combine resources into goods and services that create wealth and economic growth, and (iv) the growth in government expenditure was characterised by heavy involvement in redistribution of income and regulatory activities that encouraged individuals to seek personal income via government favours rather than through production in exchange for income. Eventually resources are shifted from wealth creating activities toward the pursuit of wealth transfer which retards economic growth and generate income levels well below the economy’s potential. Tanzi and Schuknecht (1998) argue that from the late 19th century to early 20th century total government expenditure was less than 12% of GDP with expenditure covering the core functions. In the 1920s, the average total expenditure increased to nearly 20% of GDP. In 1937 public spending went up to an average of 23% of GDP resulting from the effects of the Great Depression. Between 1960 and 1980, there was a rapid increase in public spending from around 28% of GDP around 1960 to 43% of GDP in 1980. They further argue that the increased public expenditure/spending reflecting welfare state activities produced the following effects; (i) growing public spending and debt, (ii) rising real interest, (iii) slower growth, (iv) less attractive investment destination by international investors, even under growing globalisation, growing competition and capital mobility, (v) disincentive effects caused by higher taxation, and (vi) large-scale redistributive expenditures with negative impact on gr owth, employment and welfare. The authors’ table 6 (page 83) provides a comparative analysis on the size of government and economic performance as at 1990 between big governments and small governments. Big governments are equated to states with higher government expenditure, that is, with GDP shares exceeding 40% while small governments show government expenditures of less than 40% of GDP. The main findings were based on the following indicators of economic performance; (i) real GDP growth, (ii) Gross fixed capital formation (in percent of GDP), (iii) inflation (1986-1994), (iv) public debt (in percent of GDP), (v) economic freedom indicator, (vi) size of shadow economy (in percent of GDP), (vii) PPP-based per capita GNP (in US$), and (viii) standard deviation of GDP growth. The summary findings were as follows; (a) real GDP growth over a longer period lower in big government countries and that could account for growing unemployment experienced in welfare states with big gove rnments, (b) GDP per capita based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) much higher in countries with small governments, (c) based on the ratio of the standard deviation and the average growth rate (the coefficient of variation), there was no evidence that higher public spending leads to more stable growth (i.e no evidence that welfare states exhibited more stable growth rates). This indicator was to provide evidence on one of the main justifications of Keynesian economics that growing public spending is needed for a stabilisation policy to reduce fluctuations in growth over the business cycle, (d) gross fixed capital formation and inflation did not show much difference across groups of countries (i.e both big and small governments recorded almost the same rates), (e) public debt averages almost 80% of GDP in countries with big governments in 1990 – leading to the payment of considerable risk premiums on public debt obligations (higher real interest rates), (f) economic freedom in countries with big governments worse than countries with small governments, and (g) a strong correlation between spending by governments (and corresponding taxes) and the size of the shadow economy (almost 18% of GDP for big governments compared with 9.4% foe small governments in 1996). The authors recommend that fiscal reforms and lower public spending are needed in many countries with big governments in order to increase economic growth without sacrificing much social and economic well-being. IV. Conclusion In the current globalised world where technology is making major strides, the role of the state should be significantly different from the role played to the end of last century. The economic aftermath of the welfare state in the last century indicates that to increase economic growth, the state should now play a more significant and intelligent regulatory role of providing a level playing field which allows the private sector to expand to areas traditionally undertaken by the state. The role of the state in income redistribution and in providing safety nets is very important but needs reassessment by policymakers. Targeted coverage and not universal coverage is what is needed and with the concept of redistribution narrowly defined to avoid many inefficient policies pursued under the justification of redistributing income. REFERENCES Barr, Nicholas, â€Å"Economic Theory and the Welfare State: A Survey and Interpretation†, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jun. 1992); pp 741-803 Gwartney, James, Holcombe, Randell, and Lawson, Robert, â€Å"The Scope of Government and the Wealth of Nations†, Cato Journal Vol. 18, No. 2 (Fall 1998); pp 163-190 Heath, Joseph, â€Å"Three Normative Models of the Welfare State†, Public Reason, 3 (2), 2011; pp 13-43 Suzumura, Kotaro, â€Å"Welfare Economics and the Welfare State†, Review of Population and Social Policy, No. 8, (1999); pp 119-138 Tanzi, Vito and Schuknecht, Ludger, â€Å"Can Small Governments Secure Economic and Social Well-being?† Fraser Institute, 1998 YAW BEDIAKO

Models of Criminal Justice: Exploring the Probation System Essay

Introduction There are three theories or models of criminal justice. The first one is the retributive theory while the second is the rehabilitative theory and the last is the restorative theory. The first basically concerns itself with the punishment of people by putting them in boot camps , in order to deter their ways. Such instills discipline and fear , which in turn reduces crime. The second one believes that working with these people change their ways reduce crime (The U .S . Penal System :Restorative and /or Retributive Justice . The third one aims to reintroduce and re-incorporate the persons back into the community after retribution or rehabilitation . The first one is optimistic and believes that people are innately good such that prison cells are built so that the prisoner inside the cell can be silent. As he is silent, he can meditate on his wrong-doings . This tradition believes that then spiritual transformation may take place thus rehabilitating such person . On the other hand , the second one is pessimistic, which is why facilities were built to bring about obedience. What is done is to â€Å"instill habits of work in people, help build their skills' then they will be rehabilitated . The third one, which believes that true rehabilitation takes place when such person is allowed back into the community and is a combination of both retributive and rehabilitative theories, seeks to : â€Å" (1 )deter future and past criminals from doing a crime because the threat of incarceration looms (2 ) incapacitate the offender to stop the individual from possibly endangering others (3 ) punish the criminal by serving time and living a restricted lifestyle and (4 ) rehabilitate them for release into society (Fuller , 125-27). By t... ...nistered in the community- for offenders considered nonviolent and low risk. (William H Dimascio, Seeking Justice: Crime and Punishment in American (New York: Edna McConnell Foundation, 1997),p.43 Conclusion I found an article from the Palm Beach Post were a 19-year old woman dodged a lengthy prison sentence for DUI manslaughter involving the death of two people and injury to two others. The Circuit Judge sentenced a sophomore attending the University of Florida to 15 years in prison, then suspended the sentence and put her on probation with a host of special conditions; one is that she spends a year in jail upon completion of her college degree. The other is her license is permanently revoked, although she can apply for a hardship license. There are other conditions, but know she is labeled a felon on any job applications she applies for. (Spencer-Wendell, 2009) Models of Criminal Justice: Exploring the Probation System Essay Introduction There are three theories or models of criminal justice. The first one is the retributive theory while the second is the rehabilitative theory and the last is the restorative theory. The first basically concerns itself with the punishment of people by putting them in boot camps , in order to deter their ways. Such instills discipline and fear , which in turn reduces crime. The second one believes that working with these people change their ways reduce crime (The U .S . Penal System :Restorative and /or Retributive Justice . The third one aims to reintroduce and re-incorporate the persons back into the community after retribution or rehabilitation . The first one is optimistic and believes that people are innately good such that prison cells are built so that the prisoner inside the cell can be silent. As he is silent, he can meditate on his wrong-doings . This tradition believes that then spiritual transformation may take place thus rehabilitating such person . On the other hand , the second one is pessimistic, which is why facilities were built to bring about obedience. What is done is to â€Å"instill habits of work in people, help build their skills' then they will be rehabilitated . The third one, which believes that true rehabilitation takes place when such person is allowed back into the community and is a combination of both retributive and rehabilitative theories, seeks to : â€Å" (1 )deter future and past criminals from doing a crime because the threat of incarceration looms (2 ) incapacitate the offender to stop the individual from possibly endangering others (3 ) punish the criminal by serving time and living a restricted lifestyle and (4 ) rehabilitate them for release into society (Fuller , 125-27). By t... ...nistered in the community- for offenders considered nonviolent and low risk. (William H Dimascio, Seeking Justice: Crime and Punishment in American (New York: Edna McConnell Foundation, 1997),p.43 Conclusion I found an article from the Palm Beach Post were a 19-year old woman dodged a lengthy prison sentence for DUI manslaughter involving the death of two people and injury to two others. The Circuit Judge sentenced a sophomore attending the University of Florida to 15 years in prison, then suspended the sentence and put her on probation with a host of special conditions; one is that she spends a year in jail upon completion of her college degree. The other is her license is permanently revoked, although she can apply for a hardship license. There are other conditions, but know she is labeled a felon on any job applications she applies for. (Spencer-Wendell, 2009)